Agyeya's Hiroshima : Critical Analysis
Hiroshima is a modern poem by S. H. Vatsyayan
'Agyeya'. It deals with the humanistic and socialistic leanings of the poet
towards the measurable plight of the innocent people of Hiroshima, a city of
Japan where the atom bomb was dropped by America. It also shows the brutality
of human being, the unwanted carnage caused by the hotty and self-centered
politicians, the horrible and incredible human brutality and butchery against
humanity. In technique and style the poem has modern tone and temper full of
hard and solid images which remind us of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Hopkins and
Auden and other war poets.
In order to understand the poem, one should go to the background of the history related to the bombardment of America on the two important cities of Japan-Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War. These two cities have become today memorable because of the naked dance of death of human being towards human being or the indiscriminate use of arms and ammunition. We know that during the Second World War America wants to get a very early conquest and its dominance over the Japan it dropped atom bombs without knowing anything about its consequence on the two great cities of Japan. As a result many people consigned to ashes, their dwellings demolished, their dreams and aspirations shattered to nothingness and the whole activity of the city reduced to the dust. This traumatic experience has been haunting not only the people of these two cities but also the whole world. Based on this theme the poem is very interesting in matter and manner, feeling and form.
The very opening of the poem is figurative and
connotative. It shows irony and contrast which are the two important
tools of modern poetry. The poet says:
"On this day, the sun
Appeared-no, not slowly over the horizon
But right in the
city square."
Here in this stanza the poet takes the image of the
bright sun; but the sun here is not the natural sun rising in the cast daily
for giving life to the whole world and driving the darkness away from the
world. The sun here refers to the man-made sun caused by the pouring down of
atom bombs. Just like the sun, the atom bombs also emit bright rays: but the
rays are not the fruitful rays of the sun giving health and energy to both men
and plants. Here the rays engendered by the bombs thrashed and butchered the
whole humanity within a second. The phrase 'right in the city square shows the
dropping of the bomb in the middle of the town generally the centre for
people's entertainment and their strolling, In the natural process the sun
generally appears in the east and it slowly and slowly comes over the horizon.
But here the case is just the opposite. The sun here never comes slowly but
very speedily and that too in the very middle of the city. Thus here the
comparison is very appropriate and interesting.
The poet says that there was a great blast caused by the dazzle not from the middle sky but from the earth which is turned raggedly open. After the bombardment the situation was very apocalyptic rendering the people homeless and making their life even worse than animal. People and their objects as well as their dwelling places where dazed and lost and pitched in every direction. This measurable and pathetic plight of the general people have been shown by the skilled poet with some beautiful words and diction, images and symbols :
"Human shadows, dazed and lost, pitched
in every direction : this blaze
Not risen from the east
Smashed in the city's heart-
An immense wheel of Death's swart suncar spinning down
and apart
in every direction."
Here in this stanza some words and phrases are highly
suggestive. The phrase "human shadows" is highly suggestive. It
shows various layers of meaning. At first it suggests how human beings of the
city were turned to shadows that are, turned to death. Secondly, it stands for
the dark shadow of the whole human being who boasts of the great civilization
and culture. It also suggests the self centered egomaniac politicians who
seldom feel the qualm of conscience in dropping out the bombs on the innocent
people. This phrase also presents a contrast to the natural sun. Generally when
the sun is over our head in the sky there is a shadow of our body created by
the light of the sun. But here the human shadows are dazed and lost. In other
words there were no men so there were no shadows. The phrase "Death's
swart suncar' is also very connotative. It connotes how the atomic blast is
just like the wheels of the sun causing violent death all over.
The next stanza of the poem is even more ironic and
thought provoking. The poet says that during the dance of the death in the
middle of the Hiroshima city, the sun rises and sets in a very short time. As a
result all the visions, dreams and aspirations of human being were smashed to
pieces.
"Instant of a
Sun's rise and set.
Vision annihilating
flare one compressed noon."
The implied meaning is that the terrible blast of the
bomb flashed out very suddenly and also subsided in a moment. So both the
rising and the setting of the sun were done within a very short period of time.
We know that the sun generally rises in the morning and sets in the evening but
here in this city of Hiroshima, this whole process of the sun from morning to
evening were confined to few seconds at noon of the day. This is why the poet
uses the phrase 'one compressed noon'. This phrase also shows the cruel and
inhuman activity of human being to change the rule of nature. This reminds us
of William Wordsworth, a great poet of Romantic School of poetry, who once says,
"To her fare works did nature link
the human soul that through me ran
but much it grieved my heart to think
what man has made of man."
This brutal activity of human being without any rhyme
or reason also very similar to the description made by G. B. Shaw in Arms the
Man and Hemingway in 'A Farewell to Arms'.
The extended metaphor of the sun has been again very beautifully used in the next stanza in which the poet says that it was not human shadows that lengthened, paled and died. The only shadows that stay are the shadows of the burning rocks and stones of these vacant streets :
"And then ?
It was not human shadows that lengthened, paled and
died;
It was men suddenly become as mist then gone.
The shadows stay :
Burned on rocks,
stones of these vacant streets."
This poetic and metaphoric description present a very
realistic picture of that situation caused by the atom bombs. The poet is of
the opinion that all men of the city were died as suddenly as the mist. In the
natural process of the day, the heat of the sun dries the mist on the blades of
the grass but here this man-made fears and horrible bomb end of the life of man
within a very few minutes. The only thing that stays in this city is the
shadows. Again, here the term, 'shadow’ has got a number of meanings. At first
it suggests the dark aspects of that satiric behaviour of man. It also denotes
the stain and scar made by the merciless mankind towards the innocent mankind.
This dark shadows have haunted the civilization and is still haunting and will
be haunted in the next generation. So the only thing that stays today is the
shadows. On the second scale of meaning the shadows here also denotes the
shadow caused by the flame of the burning rock and stones of the vacant streets
as there were no people in the city.
The last stanza again extents the image of sun, light and shadow with contrast and irony. The poet says,
"A Sun conjured by men converted men to air, to nothing;
White shadows singed on the black rock give back man's
witness to
himself."
These last lines of the poem convey the poet’s message
to such men who were tempted by the power and authority, fame and popularity. It
also shows how it was a great folly of human being to destroy the other human
being. Here the phrase 'A Sun' doesn't denote the God-made sun made for the
welfare of the whole flora and fauna. Here 'A Sun with indefinite article 'A'
and not the definite article the shows the indefinite fate of human being bound
to be shattered in the days to come if man keeps on making such type of Sun's
for the annihilation of human being. So, it is the message of the poet that
such type of sun or bomb conjured by men will do nothing but to convert men to
air or to nothingness. The phrase "White shadows' is very ironic in this
context. It suggests the so-called modern materialistic development of modern
science for which men are always brasting and braging on their achievements. But
truly speaking this white shadows or the modern generation is burning slightly
on the black rock made by men. So the witness of this great havoc and tragedy
done on the innocent people directly go to the modern man who is quite insensitive
and cold to nature and to his own human brethren.
